Following graduation from Lisbon Medical School and a few years in basic research, Dr. Jaime Carvalho came to the United States for clinical training in medicine and nephrology. After a period of research in biochemistry and physiology, he followed an academic career in Clinical Nephrology. Throughout his life Dr. Carvalho sustained a special interest in physics. Following retirement he has applied his biological and physical knowledge to the study of the living process. He resides in Massachusetts.