KINGDOM 6 SPOROPHYTA Spore Plant
Latin: Spora spore, reproduced from spores SUBKINGDOMS Species
Latin: Phyta phyton, shoot, sole of the foot 61 Algophyta Algae 33,500 [M&S]
a shoot from the ground, plant 62 Fungi Fungus 53,600 [M&S]
63 Bryata Moss 16,100 [M&S]
64 Filicata Fern 12,117 [M&S]
The male pollen single chromosome (haploid) cell gamete () fertilizes the female pistil single nucleus (haploid) egg cell gamete () forming a double nucleus cell (cytogamy zygote) or a double chromosome single nucleus cell (karogamy zygote). The fertilized egg (zygote) grows by cell division which halves the number of chromosomes (meiosis). The evolution of zygote embryo case (a polyp case for mosses and ferns, a seed case for conifers and flower plants) protected the zygote embryo from drying and other environmental hazards was a major factor in the spread of plants from oceans to dry land.
This is the original publication of English Names for Algae, Fungus, Moss, and Fern Phylums, Classes, Orders, and Families.

SUBKINGDOM 61 Algophyta Algae
Latin: Alga algae PHYLUMS Species
Latin: Phyta phyton, plant 611 Bacillariophyta Diatom Brown Algae 10000 [M&S]
33,500 species [Marg. & Schw.] 612 Chlorophyta Olive Green Algae 16000 [M&S]
22,692 species [Guiry, Dec. 2004] 613 Chrysophyta Golden Ocher Algae
614 Cyanidiophyta Blue Green Algae
615 Ochrophyta Ocher Algae
616 Prasinophyta Unicell Green Algae 147
617 Rhodophyta Red Algae

PHYLUM 611 Bacillariophyta Diatom Brown Algae
Latin: Bacca berry CLASSES Species
Latin: Phyta phyton, plant 611.1 Bacillariophycaceae Feather Diatom Brown Algae 8,336[G]
10,523 species [Guiry, Dec. 2004] 611.2 Coscinodiscophyceae Radial Diatom Brown Algae 2,187[G]
10,000 species [Margulis & Schwartz, 1998]
Phylum Bacillariophyta Diatom Brown Algae species are single celled and sometimes come together to form filament colonies. They have a shell (test) composed of pectin organic material impregnated with silicon.
Class Bacillariophycaceae Feather Diatom Brown Algae species are axially symmetric and are shaped like a feather, boat, or needle.
Class Coscinodiscophyceae Cos Disc Radial Diatom Brown Algae are radially symmetric and are shaped like a coin or short cylinder. They inhabit both freshwater and saltwater. Diatom Brown Algae species decompose to form diatomaceous sediment which is used for abrasives, filters, chalk, and talc.


PHYLUM 612 Chlorophyta Olive Green Algae
Latin: Chlora chloric, green CLASSES Species
Latin: Phyta phyton, plant 612.1 Chlorophyceae Olive Green Algae
612.2 Bryopsidophyceae Mossy Olive Green Algae
16,000 species [Margulis & Schwartz, 1998] 612.3 Charophyceae Elegant Olive Green Algae
5,857 species [Guiry, Dec. 2004] 612.4 Klebsormidiophyceae Klebs Olive Green Algae
612.5 Mesostigmatophyceae Stigma Olive Green Algae
612.6 Pedinophycea Pedin Olive Green Algae
612.7 Trebouxiophyceae Treboux Olive Green Algae
612.8 Ulvophyceae Filament Olive Green Algae
612.9 Zygonematophyceae Conjugating Olive Green Algae

Phylum Chlorophyta Olive Green Algae species contain chlorophyll a and chlorophyll be as well as carotene pigments astaxanthin, canthoxanthin, flavoxanthin, loraxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, and zeathanthin. They are a major component of freshwater and ocean phytoplankton. They remove one billion tons of carbon from the environment per year and convert it to organic compounds. Their cell walls are made of cellulose, pectin, xylose, and mannose.

Class Chlorophyceae Olive Green Algae species include the common tree scum algae Chlorococcum. Symbiote and free living Chorella species are grown in the laboratory and used to study photosynthesis.

Class Bryopsidophyceae Mossy Olive Green Algae includes the famous Caulerpa species which invaded the Mediterranean Sea from aquarium water dumped into the Mediterranean by the staff of the Jacque Custeau Institute.
Class Charophyceae Elegant Olive Green Algae are multi-celled and live in freshwater and brackish water. Genera Nitella and Chara are delicate pond weeds.

Class Klebsormidiophyceae Klebs Olive Green Algae includes the Genus Klebsmorbidium.

Class Ulvophyceae Filament Olive Green Algae species include the sea lettuce algae Ulva and the estuary lettuce algae Enteromorpha. Green Seaweeds such as Codium and Acetabularia are in this class.

PHYLUM 613 Chrysophyta Golden Ocher Algae
Latin: Chryso gold, yellow CLASSES Species
Latin: Phyta plant 613.1 Chrysophyceae Golden Ocher Algae 88 [G]
1231 species [Guiry, Dec. 2004] 613.2 Dictyochophyceae Netted Golden Ocher Algae 100 [G]
613.3 Eustigmatophyceae Eyespot Green Yellow Ocher Algae 17 [G]
613.4 Synurophyceae Unicell Golden Ocher Algae 621 [G]
613.5 Xanthophyceae Green Yellow Golden Ocher Algae 405 [G]

Phylum Chrysophyta Golden Ocher Algae species live in saltwater and freshwater. Chrysophytes (Golden Ocher Algae) form a group of algae whose plastids contain golden yellow pigments. They are widespread in freshwater temperate lakes and ponds. Freshwater chrysophytes survive desiccation by making membrane outer coat structures called statocysts. The statocysts become encrusted with silicon and iron.

Only one group of chrysophytes, called the silicoflagellates, are marine.The marine planktonic silicoflagellates interact with silica and iron to form shells called tests. The test shells have beautiful patterns that are used to distinguish genera. Some tests have been perserved as fossils dating to 500 million years ago.

Because the pigments are golden yellow or ocher yellow, these algae are considered separate and distinct from algae that have red and orange ocher pigments. Algae with ocher colors other than ocher yellow, are placed into the Phylum Ochrophyta.

Other Classifications

Scientists Margulis and Schwartz previously recognized Class Eustigmantophyceae and Class Xanthophyceae as Phylum Eustigmatophyta and Phylum Xanthophyta, respectively. Scientist M. Guiry created Super-Phylum Ochrophyta on 14 December 2004 and lowered Chrysophyta, Eustigmatophyta and Xanthophyta to Classes within Super-Phylum Ochrophyta. Phylum Chrysophyta Golden Ocher Algae was previously recognized by scientists Margulis and Schwartz as containing Class Chrysophyceae and Class Dictyophyaceae and Class Pedinellophyceae. In the Fusillo Classification System, Class Pedinellophyceae has been lowered to Order Pedinellales under Class Dictyophyceae. The M. Guiry Ochrophyta Super-Phylum has been reduced to regular Phylum status.

PHYLUM 614 Cyanidiophyta Blue Green Algae
Latin: Cyanea cyan, blue green CLASSES Species
Latin: Phyta phyton, plant 614.1 Cyanidiophyceae Blue Green Algae 14 [G]
18 species [Guiry, Dec. 2004] 614.2 Glaucophyceae Cyan Gray Algae 4 [G]
Phylum Cyanidophyta Blue Green Algae species are the direct descendents of Phylum Cyanobacteria. They are the direct ancestors of Phylum Bryophyta Moss and Phylum Pteridophyta Fern. Phylum Glaucophyta, created by Scientist M. Guiry on 14 December 2004, has been lowered to the status of Class by the author of this book and placed in the Cyanidophyta Phylum. They are the genetic link between bacteria and plants.
Photosynthetic Bacteria  Blue Green Algae  Green Algae  Moss, Fern  Seed Plants